《科学》（20260521出版）一周论文导读—旧事—科学网

《科学》（20260521出版）一周论文导读

 

编译|李言

Science,科学 21 May 2026, VOL 392, ISSUE 6800

《科学》2026年5月21日，第392卷
，出版6800期

物理Physics

Dynamics of disordered quantum systems with two- and 周论three-dimensional tensor networks

二维与三维张量群集下无序量子琐细的动力学

▲ 作者：Joseph Tindall, Antonio Francesco Mello, Matthew Fishman et al.

▲链接
 ：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx2728

▲摘要 ：

近期，D-Wave公司的文导Advantage2琐细在多种晶格上完成了伊辛自旋玻璃的除夜局限量子退火动力学考验考验
。经由与现罕有值编制的读旧普及斗劲 ，这些考验考验被撒播宣传超出了经典筹算的事科身手局限 。

研究者采取特定晶格张量群集对上述自旋玻璃模型举办模仿，学网独霸信赖撒播算法跟踪时分演变中产生发火的科学纠缠，并借助更进步先辈的出版信赖撒播变体提取期看值 。

研究者创作创造
，周论仅独霸适中的文导筹算成本便可抵达往后最优精度 。此外，读旧研究者的事科模仿编制在二维和三维空间均具有可扩大年夜大年夜大年夜大年夜性，并借此在包含数百量子比特的学网琐细中验证了基布尔—祖雷克普适物理。

▲ Abstract ：

Large-scale quantum annealing dynamics of Ising spin glasses were recently implemented on 科学D-Wave’s Advantage2 system on a range of lattices. After extensive comparison with existing numerical methods, these experiments were claimed to be beyond the reach of classical computation. Here, we simulated these spin-glass models with lattice-specific tensor networks, using belief propagation (BP) to keep up with the entanglement generated during the time evolution and then extracting expectation values with more sophisticated variants of BP. We found that state-of-the-art accuracies could be achieved with modest computational resources. Moreover, our results are scalable in both two and three dimensions, which we leveraged to verify universal Kibble-Zurek physics on systems involving hundreds of qubits.

材料科学Materials Science

Device-scaling constraints imposed by the van der Waals gap formed in two-dimensional materials

二维资估中范德华间隙对器件尺寸缩放的制约

▲ 作者 ：Mahdi Pou***th and Tibor Grasser

▲链接 ：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aeb2271

▲摘要：

晶体管的小型化请求经由过程超薄电介质独霸栅极泄漏，并最小化源漏干戈电阻。

当然二维半导体具有出色的静电独霸身手，但它们与栅介质和干戈金属的界面经常会构成范德华间隙，这一间隙不单影响器件功用，同时作为一个低介电常数的隧穿势垒阐扬感染。

当然范德华间隙降低了介电泄漏 ，但它添加了金属—沟道干戈电阻，并向栅极引进寄生串连电容。

研究者量化了泄漏阻拦与静电及干戈电阻缩放极限之间的衡量相干。因为这类衡量的存在，良多尽缘体没法知足缩放方针，金属—沟道干戈也难以抵达所需的电阻值 。近似拉链的界面（准共价键消弭范德华间隙而不产生发火吊挂键）为完成超除夜局限晶体管筹划供给了一条路途。

▲ Abstract：

Transistor miniaturization requires controlling gate leakage through ultrathin dielectrics and minimizing source-drain contact resistance. Although two-dimensional semiconductors offer excellent electrostatic control, their inte***ces with gate dielectrics and contact metals often form a van der Waals (vdW) gap that affects device performance and acts as a tunneling barrier with a low dielectric constant. While this reduces dielectric leakage, it increases metal-channel contact resistance and introduces a parasitic series capacitance to the gate. We quantified the trade-off between leakage suppression and electrostatic and contact-resistance scaling limits. As a result of this trade-off, many insulators fail to meet scaling targets, and metal-channel contacts fall short of required resistances. Zipper-like inte***ces, where quasi-covalent bonding removes the vdW gap without creating dangling bonds, offer a path toward ultrascaled transistor designs.

植物学Zoology

Reward magnitude determines reinforcement learning efficiency

嘉奖幅度决意强化进修屈就

▲ 作者：Sheng Gong, Alyssa Martell, Joshua T. Dudman, and Luke T. Coddington

▲链接
：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aeb0813

▲摘要：

标准植物进修研究经由过程最小化单次嘉奖幅度来最除夜化强化行动的几回次数。研究者经由过程五种行动范式的初生小鼠参议了，嘉奖幅度若何影响初始进修。除夜额嘉奖可经由过程其对会话内进修 、跨会话进修及义务介入度的分袂效应 ，较着汲引进修屈就 。

腹侧纹状体多巴胺释放的延续时分与幅度随嘉奖大年夜小呈比例改削，而经由过程光遗传学担搁多巴胺嘉奖照顾也复现了除夜额嘉奖带来的除夜部分（但非全数）进修收益。

这些创作创造注解，植物的强化进修屈就在传统研究中被低估了；同时
，多巴胺对嘉奖的旗子记号传导以与尽对嘉奖幅度成比例的编制调剂义务介入度。

▲ Abstract：

Standard animal learning studies minimize individual reward magnitudes to maximize the repetitions of reinforced behaviors. We investigated how reward magnitude influences initial learning across five behavioral paradigms in na?ve mice. Especially large rewards could substantially improve learning efficiency through dissociable effects on within- and across-session learning and task engagement. The duration and magnitude of ventral striatal dopamine release scaled with reward sizes, and prolonged optogenetic enhancement of dopamine reward responses also reproduced much, but not all, of the benefits to learning produced by outsized rewards. These findings indicate that the reinforcement learning efficiency of animals has traditionally been underestimated and that dopamine signaling of rewards mediates task engagement in proportion to absolute reward magnitude.

祖先类学Paleoanthropology

Long-distance genetic relatedness in megalithic central Europe

中欧巨石文明社会中的远距离遗传亲缘相干

▲ 作者：Nicolas Antonio da Silva, Almut Nebel, Daniel Kolbe et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aeb2926

▲摘要：

新石器时代晚期的欧洲巨石建筑常被视为合营祖先的意味。研究者分化了与西部漏斗颈陶文明和瓦特贝格文明群体相干的六个巨石墓群中203个浅近的全基因组数据。当然考古学上被视为不合群体 ，但下场展示这两个群体的浅近构成了遗传上同质的人群 。

此外 ，研究者创作创造了超出225千米的第一和第二等第亲属相干 ，揭穿了出乎料想的远距离联络和延续的遗址间和群体间行动性。

这六个墓群作为群众坟场阐扬感染  ，并不是仅供近亲独霸 ，注解社会亲缘相干在个中扮演了次要角色。与欧洲其他区域巨石人群遗传联络的无穷证据注解，巨石建筑是经由过程文明撒播而非生物群集分散的。

▲ Abstract：

Megalithic monuments in Late Neolithic Europe are often viewed as symbols of shared ancestry. In this study, we analyzed genome-wide data of 203 individuals buried in six megalithic grave complexes associated with the Western Funnel Beaker and Wartberg groups. Despite being considered archaeologically distinct, our results show that the studied individuals from both groups form a genetically homogeneous population. Moreover, we identified first- and second-degree relationships spanning up to 225 km, revealing unexpectedly long-distance ties and sustained intersite and intergroup mobility. The six grave complexes functioned as communal burial grounds and were not exclusively used for close genetic relatives, indicating that social kinship played an important role. Limited evidence for genetic connections to distant European megalithic populations indicates that monumentality spread culturally rather than through biological networks.

生态学Ecology

Interacting effects of human presence and landscape modification on birds and mammals

人类存在与景不美不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅更始对鸟类和哺乳植物的交互影响

▲ 作者：Ruth Y. Oliver, Scott W. Yanco et al.

▲链接 ：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq3396

▲摘要：

研究者独霸挪动设备数据，揭穿了人类存在与景不美不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅更始对美国37种哺乳植物和鸟类地舆与生态气候空间独霸的不合化影响。人类存在影响了超出65%的物种，且影响程度在不合物种间存在较着不合 。

在对人类活动有照顾的物种中，约60%的物种效应默示为彼此依存——即在景不美不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅更始程度较低的生境中 ，植物对人类存在的回响更增凶悍
。

研究下场注解
，人类存在与景不美不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅更始对野生植物具有宏壮的交互效应，有效的治理计策需将二者纳进考量。

▲ Abstract：

Here, we leverage mobile-device data to disentangle how human presence and landscape modification differentially influence the use of geographic and environmental space for 37 mammal and bird species across the United States. Human presence affected more than 65% of species, with substantial variation across species. For ~60% of species that responded to human activities, the effects were interdependent—animals tended to react more strongly to human presence in less modified habitats. Our results demonstrate that human presence and landscape modification have complex combined effects on wildlife, which need to be considered for effective management.

地舆学Astronomy

Cloudy mornings and clear evenings on a gas giant exoplanet

气态巨行星系外行星上的多云凌晨和幽暗夜晚

▲ 作者：Sagnick Mukherjee, David K. Sing et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx5903

▲摘要：

系外行星除夜气光谱受本源不竭定的气溶胶（云和霾）影响。此前研究提出的气溶胶构成机制包含气体凝集或光化学回响
。研究者测量了潮汐锁定的气态巨行星WASP-94A b的透射光谱 ，并辨认出其除夜气的舛错称性：凌晨较冷且多云，而夜晚较热并展示气态水领受特点。

研究者将这类不合诠释为凌晨侧邻近云滴的构成，在环流保送到傍晚侧时蒸发
。主导的气溶胶是在除夜气日夜侧之间轮回的云 ，而非光化学霾。由此产生发火的舛错称性大年夜大年夜约严重偏向化学丰度测量下场 ，除非举办分临边光谱不美不美不雅察
。

▲ Abstract ：

The spectra of exoplanet atmospheres are affected by aerosols (clouds and hazes) of uncertain origin. Proposed aerosol formation mechanisms include gas condensation or photochemical reactions. We measured the transmission spectrum of the tidally locked gas giant exoplanet WASP-94A b and identified asymmetry in its atmosphere. The morning limb is cooler and cloudy, whereas the evening limb is hotter and exhibits ga搜刮引擎优化us water absorption features. We interpret this difference as being due to the formation of cloud droplets near the morning limb, which evaporate during circulation to the evening limb. The dominant aerosols are clouds cycling between the day and night sides of the atmosphere, not photochemical hazes. The resulting asymmetry can severely bias chemical abundance measurements, unless limb-resolved spectroscopy is available.

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