| 《科学》（20260219出版）一周论文导读 |
编译｜未玖
Science,科学 19 Feb 2026, VOL 391, ISSUE 6787
《科学》2026年2月19日 ，第391卷，出版6787期
地舆学Astronomy
Carbonated ultramafic igneous rocks in Jezero crater,周论 Mars
火星杰泽罗陨石坑中的碳酸盐化超镁铁质火成岩
▲ 作者 ：Kenneth H. Williford, Kenneth A. Farley, Briony H. N. Horgan, Brad Garczynski, Allan H. Treiman, Sanjeev Gupta, et al.
▲链接 ：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu8264
▲摘要 ：
“毅力号”火星车在火星杰泽罗陨石坑成功着陆 ，该陨石坑曾有一个液态水湖。文导
研究组报导了“毅力号”在从杰泽罗陨石坑西边聚积扇底部到陨石坑上缘的读旧10千米穿越行程中，探测的事科垂直跨度超出400米的岩石特点 。这些岩石由粗粒橄榄石 、学网镁铁碳酸盐 、科学硅石和页硅酸盐构成 ，出版包含杰泽罗陨石坑内一些最别致的周论泄漏物质 。
研究组揣度这些岩石是文导在一个层状侵进岩的火成琐细中由橄榄石聚积而成 ，随后泄漏于水和二氧化碳中 ，读旧招致硅酸盐矿物普及碳酸化。事科在较低海拔处，学网水蚀感染愈加较着 。科学陨石坑边沿较高海拔处的泄漏岩石与普及分布于尼利福萨区域的富橄榄石岩石近似。
▲ Abstract：
The Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater on Mars, which once contained a lake of liquid water. We report the rock properties encountered by Perseverance during a 10-kilometer traverse extending over 400 meters in elevation, from beneath Jezero’s western sedimentary fan to the upper crater rim. These rocks consist of coarse-grained olivine, magnesium and iron carbonates, silica, and phyllosilicates, including some of the oldest materials exposed within Jezero. We infer that these rocks formed by olivine accumulation in an igneous system of layered intrusions, followed by exposure to water and carbon dioxide, which caused extensive carbonation of the silicate minerals. Aqueous alteration was more pronounced at lower elevations. Higher-elevation exposures on the crater rim appear similar to olivine-rich rocks distributed over the wider Nili Fossae region.
人工智能Artificial Intelligence
Toward universal steering and monitoring of AI models
迈向AI模型的单方面独霸和监测
▲ 作者 ：Daniel Beaglehole, Adityanarayanan Radhakrishnan, Enric Boix-Adserà and Mikhail Belkin
▲链接 ：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aea6792
▲摘要：
人工智能（AI）模型包含着除夜量人类常识 。邃晓这类常识的表征编制将有助于汲引模型功用并供给安然担保 。
基于特点进修局限的盼看 ，研究组斥地了一种从AI模型中提取语义定见或不美不美定见的线性表征编制 。并展示了这些定见表征若何完成模型调控，从而创作创造模型偏向并汲引其功用 。该研究证了然定见表征具有跨言语可迁徙性 ，并完成了多定见带领 。
在数百个定见中 ，研究组创作创造局限较除夜的模型更具可操控性 ，且模型独霸与纯真提示工程比照更能汲引模型下场 。下场创作创造，定见表征在监测十非分不凡容方面比独霸评判模型愈加有效。该研究注解 ，内部表征对汲引AI安然性和模型身手方面具有次要感染 。
▲ Abstract：
Artificial intelligence (AI) models contain much of human knowledge. Understanding the representation of this knowledge will lead to improvements in model capabilities and safeguards. Building on advances in feature learning, we developed an approach for extracting linear representations of semantic notions or concepts in AI models. We showed how these representations enabled model steering, through which we exposed vulnerabilities and improved model capabilities. We demonstrated that concept representations were transferable across languages and enabled multiconcept steering. Across hundreds of concepts, we found that larger models were more steerable and that steering improved model capabilities beyond prompting. We showed that concept representations were more effective for monitoring misaligned content than for using judge models. Our results illustrate the power of internal representations for advancing AI safety and model capabilities.
Who is using AI to code? Global diffusion and impact of generative AI
谁在独霸AI举办编码 ？生成式AI的全球分散与影响
▲ 作者：Simone Daniotti, Johannes Wachs, Xiangnan Feng and Frank Neffke
▲链接 ：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adz9311
▲摘要：
生成式编码对象有看除夜幅进步工作屈就 ，但其独霸不服衡大年夜大年夜约会加重技能和收进的差距。
研究组操练了一个神经分类器 ，用于辨认来自160097名软件斥地者所提交的超出3000万个GitHub代码段中人工智能（AI）生成的Python函数 ，并追踪这些对象的普及速度及其普及局限 。如今美国约29%的Python函数由AI生成 ，虽抢先其他国度但优势正慢慢促进 。据此预算 ，以在线代码供献为衡量标准 ，季度产出照顾添加了3.6% 。
AI似乎对经验丰富的初级斥地人员更无益 ：他们进步了工作屈就 ，并且更积极拓展至软件斥地新局限 。比照之下 ，初进职场的斥地人员并未从采取AI技能中较着获益 。这大年夜大年夜约会加除夜技能差距 ，侧重塑软件斥地局限的将来职业展开路途。
▲ Abstract ：
Generative coding tools promise big productivity gains, but uneven uptake could widen skill and income gaps. We train a neural classifier to spot artificial intelligence (AI)–generated Python functions in more than 30 million GitHub commits by 160,097 software developers, tracking how fast, and where, these tools take hold. Currently, AI writes an estimated 29% of Python functions in the US—a shrinking lead over other countries. We estimate that quarterly output, measured in online code contributions, consequently increased by 3.6%. AI seems to benefit experienced, senior-level developers: They increased productivity and more readily expanded into new domains of software development. By contrast, early-career developers showed no significant benefits from AI adoption. This may widen skill gaps and reshape future career ladders in software development.
古生物学Paleontology
Scimitar-crested Spinosaurus species from the Sahara caps stepwise spinosaurid radiation
撒哈拉戈壁中的弯刀棘龙物种是棘龙科慢慢辐射演变的下场
▲ 作者 ：Paul C. Sereno, Daniel Vidal, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Evan Johnson-Ransom, María Ciudad Real, Stephanie L. Baumgart, et al.
▲链接 ：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx5486
▲摘要 ：
研究组描摹了一种埃及棘龙的近亲，它背部具有竖立帆状筹划，以鱼类为食 ，是来自北非近岸聚积物中的巨型恐龙 。新创作创造的“弯刀棘龙”化石是在撒哈拉戈壁中部河岸地带与长颈恐龙一同被创作创造的 。其较着特点是头顶上方有一个呈弯刀外形的骨质崛起 ，远远超出超出头骨外不雅 。
研究组确认了棘龙科演变的三个自力阶段 ：第一阶段劈脸于侏罗纪 ，展示了一种颀长的打鱼头骨 ，随后分化为不合的演变路途；第二阶段为早白垩世时代，棘龙科成了环特提斯海域栖息地中的次要掠食者；幻想下场阶段始于除夜西洋最早构成的晚白垩纪初期，此时棘龙科植物抵达了最除夜体型 ，它们善于在浅水区域伏击猎物 ，其活动局限仅限于非洲北部和南美洲 。
▲ Abstract ：
We describe a close relative of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, the sail-backed, fish-eating giant from nearshore deposits of northern Africa. Spinosaurus mirabilis sp. nov., discovered in the central Sahara alongside long-necked dinosaurs in a riparian habitat, is distinguished by a scimitar-shaped bony crest projecting far above its skull roof. We discern three discrete phases in spinosaurid evolution. During the first phase with roots in the Jurassic, an elongate fish-snaring skull emerged that soon was modified along divergent paths. During a second Early Cretaceous phase, spinosaurids became the dominant predators in circum-Tethyan habitats. The final phase began just before the Late Cretaceous during the opening of the Atlantic Ocean, when spinosaurines attained maximum body size as shallow water ambush specialists limited geographically to northern Africa and South America.
化学Chemistry
Single-molecule infrared spectroscopy with scanning tunneling microscopy
连络扫描地道显微镜的单分子红外光谱技能
▲ 作者 ：Kangkai Liang, Zihao Wang, Weike Quan, Yueqing Shi, Hao Zhou, Liya Bi, et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adz6643
▲摘要 ：
在单分子层面上探测振动对在真实宏壮气候中完成特定键的精准化学独霸相当次要 。
研究组引见了一种新的测量筹划 ，将可调频率的红外激起与扫描地道显微镜相连络 ，用于表征单分子振动激起的核行动 。起首经由过程监测乙炔基逍遥基在红外光困惑下的改削来验证该技能的可行性，然后将其独霸于绘制吡咯烷的构象动力学图谱。所得宽谱带光谱捕获到了根本振动编制和经由过程常例编制没法掉落踪掉落踪的丰富泛频和组合谱带 ，这一点经由过程同位素更调考验考验掉落踪掉落踪了验证 。
密度泛函幻想筹算注解，与吡咯烷环曲解相耦合的离域编制鞭挞了却构的改削，这与传统红外光谱分化所展示的轨则有所不合 。这个新型考验考验平台可以以原子级的精度来根究分子振动和改削气候 。
▲ Abstract ：
Probing vibrations at the single-molecule level is essential for achieving bond-specific chemical control in realistic heterogeneous environments. Here, we introduce a new measurement scheme that integrates frequency-tunable infrared excitation with scanning tunneling microscopy to characterize vibration-mediated nuclear motions of single molecules. We first validated the technique by monitoring the infrared-induced rotation of the ethynyl radical and then applied it to mapping pyrrolidine’s conformational dynamics. The resulting broadband spectra captured fundamental vibrational modes together with rich overtone and combination bands inaccessible by conventional methods, which we confirmed with isotopic substitutions. Density functional theory calculations showed that delocalized modes coupled with pyrrolidine ring puckering drive the structural transition, revealing altered selection rules compared with traditional infrared spectroscopy. This new experimental platform enables molecular vibrations and transformations to be probed with atomic precision.
地球科学Earth Science
Simple unilateral rupture of the great Mw 8.8 2025 Kamchatka earthquake
2025年堪察加半岛产生发火的8.8级单侧***型除夜地动
▲ 作者 ：Chengli Liu, Yefei Bai, Thorne Lay, Ping He, Yangmao Wen, Xiong Xiong and Tuncay Taymaz
▲链接 ：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aeb8232
▲摘要 ：
2025年7月29日 ，堪察加半岛南部远洋产生发火了一次矩震级（Mw）8.8级的除夜地动 ，此外震区域与1952年那场8.8至9.0级的地动区域堆叠 。与1952年成象近似 ，2025年地动也始于断层的东北端 ，此前还伴跟着凶悍的前震活动。
经由过程对远震数据和干与分化孔径雷达（InSAR）数据的连络反演 ，研究组得出了该区域时空滑动分布的下场 ，并经由过程深水海啸记实的正演模型举办了验证，下场表示在曲折勉强板块鸿沟上存在一个向东北延长的除夜型滑动区域 。在堪察加半岛南部和帕拉穆希尔岛附远洋疆 ，研究组创作创造了一处长达14米的最除夜滑移量 。
1952年的那场地动在夏威夷激起了更凶悍的海啸旗子记号，这注解两次地动的滑动分布气候有所不合 。2025年的地动峰值滑移量超出了自1952年以来堆集的最除夜滑移亏缺量 。对堪察加半岛多次凶悍地动后火山喷发的不美不美不雅察数据为地动与火山之间的彼此感染供给了无力证据 。
▲ Abstract ：
On 29 July 2025, a moment magnitude (Mw) 8.8 great earthquake ruptured along offshore southern Kamchatka, with the aftershock region overlapping that of a 1952 Mw 8.8 to 9.0 event. Like 1952, the 2025 event nucleated at the northeastern end of the rupture, preceded by intense foreshock activity. Joint inversion of teleseismic and InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) data for the space-time slip distribution, with validation by means of forward modeling of deep-water tsunami recordings, revealed a southwestward elongated large-slip patch on the curved plate boundary. A slip of up to 14 meters was located offshore southern Kamchatka and Paramushir Island. The 1952 earthquake generated stronger tsunami signals in Hawaii, indicating a different slip distribution. Peak slip in 2025 exceeded the maximum slip deficit accumulated since 1952. Observations of volcanic eruptions after multiple great earthquakes in Kamchatka provide compelling evidence of earthquake-volcano interactions.
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